Disclaimer-: The Short tricks/Notes/Brain Map Uploaded are already Present on Different Telegram/Facebook/WhatsApp Groups and share by students to us if you create these tricks and want credit Below tricks or removal kindly mail us Mail Here
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Electrostatics Short Notes (Source Telegram/ Credit-:________) 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝘾𝙝𝙖𝙥𝙩𝙚𝙧 - 𝙈𝙞𝙘𝙧𝙤𝙗𝙚𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙝𝙪𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙬𝙚𝙡𝙛𝙖𝙧𝙚 (Short Notes)
1.curd also known as lactobacillus or lactic acid bacteria(LAB) with high nutritional quality by increasing vitamin B12.
2.large holes in Swiss cheese are due to production of a large amount of CO2 by bacteria named 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙗𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙪𝙢 𝙨𝙜𝙖𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙞.
3.camemcert cheese(soft) - penicillium camemberti
4.Roquefort cheese( semi-hard) -penicillium Roqueforti
5.Baker's yeast- Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
6.'Toddy' prepared from sap of palms by fermentation.
7.yeast fermentation are
a) Beer- produced from hordeum vulgare and alcohal content is 3-6%
b) Wine - from grapes and alcohol amount is 10-20%
c) brands - distillation of wine and alcohol amount is 60-70%
d) Tum prodced from molasses of sugarcane and alcohol amount is 40%
8.penicillin was the first antibiotic by 𝘼𝙡𝙚𝙭𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙁𝙡𝙚𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙜.
9. The bottle juice was cleared by 𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚.
10. Streptokinase (by Bacterium streptococcus)- clot buster
11.Cyclosporin A ( by fungus trichiderma polysporum) - immunosuppressive agent
12.Statins (by yeast monascus purpureus) - blood cholesterol lowering agent.
13.𝘽𝙞𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙙𝙚- those biological agents that are used for control of weeds, insects,pathogens by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa
14. 𝘽𝙖𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙤𝙫𝙞𝙧𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙨 used as biological agents are in the genus nucleopolyhedrovirus.
15. 𝘽𝙞𝙤𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙯𝙚𝙧𝙨- organisms that are enrich the nutrient quality of soil by bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria.
16 .in 𝘽𝙞𝙤(𝙜𝙤𝙗𝙖𝙧) 𝙜𝙖𝙨 - 𝙢𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙚(50-70%), 𝘾𝙊2(30-40%), 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙝𝙮𝙙𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙣, 𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙣, 𝙝𝙮𝙙𝙧𝙤𝙜𝙚𝙣 𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙥𝙝𝙞𝙙𝙚.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
🔰INORGANIC IN SHOTS🔰
✌️Increasings or Decreasing Order
✨01. Melting point=
Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
✨02. Colour of the flame=
Li-Red, Na-Golden, K-Violet, Rb-Red, Cs-Blue, Ca-Brick red, Sr-Blood red, Ba-Apple green
✨03. Stability of hydrides =
LiH > NaH > KH > RbH> CsH
✨04. Basic nature of hydroxides=
LIOH < NaOH < KOH < RbOH < CsOH
✨05. Hydration energy=
Li> Na > K> Rb > Cs
✨06.) Reducing character=
Li > Cs > Rb > K > Na
✨07. Stability of +3 oxidation state=
B> Al > Ga > In > T1
✨08. Stability of +1 oxidation state=
Ga < In < TI
✨09. Basic nature of the oxides and hydroxides=
B< Al< Ga < In < TI
✨10. Relative strength of Lewis acid=
BF3 < BCl3 < BBr3 < BI3
✨11. Ionisation energy=
B> Al In SiO2 > Ge02 > SnO2 > PbO2
✨15. Reducing nature of hydrides=
CH4 < SiH4 < GeH4 < SnH4 < PbH4
✨16. Thermal stability of tetrahalides=
CCl4> SiCl4> GeCl4> SnCl4 > PbCl4
✨17. Oxidising character of M+4 species=
GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCl4
✨18. Ease of hydrolysis of tetrahalides=
SiCl4 < GeCl4 < SnCl4 < PbCI4
✨19. Acidic strength of trioxides=
N203 > P2O3 > As2O3
✨20. Acidic strength of pentoxides=
N2O2 > P2O2> As202 > Sb2O2 > Bi202
✨21) Acidic strength of oxides of nitrogen=
N2O < NO PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
✨23. Stability of trihalides of nitrogen=
NF3 > NCl3 > NBr3
✨24.Lewis base strength=
NF3 PCI3 > AsCl3 > SbCl3 > BiCl3
✨26.Lewis acid strength of trihalides of P, As, and Sb=
PCl3 > ASCl3 > SbCl3
✨27. Lewis acid strength among phosphorus trihalides
PF3 > PCl3 > PBr3 > PI3
✨(28) Melting and boiling point of hydrides=
H2O > H2Te > H2Se >H2S
✨29. Volatility of hydrides=
H2O < H2Te < H2Se < H2S
✨30. Reducing nature of hydrides=
H2S < H2Se < H2Te
✨31. Covalent character of hydrides=
H2O < H2S < H2Se < H2Te
✨32. The acidic character of oxides (elements in the same oxidation state)=
SO2 > SeO2 > TeO2 > PoO2
SO3 > SeO3 > TeO3
✨33. Acidic character of oxide of a particular element (e.g. S)=
SO < SO2 < SO3
SO2 > TeO2 > SeO2 > PoO2
✨34. Bond energy of halogens=
Cl2 > Br2 > F2 > I2
✨35. Solubility of halogen in water =
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
✨36. Oxidising power=
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2
✨37. Enthalpy of hydration of X ion=
F- > Cl- > Br- >I-
✨38. Reactivity of halogens:=
F> Cl> Br > I
✨39. Ionic character of M-X bond in halides
= M-F > M-Cl > MBr > M-I
✨40. Reducing character of X ion:=
I- > Br- > Cl- > F-
✨41. Acidic strength of halogen acids=
HI > HBr > HCI > HF
✨42 Reducing property of hydrogen halides
= HF < HCL < HBr < HI
✨43. Oxidising power of oxides of chlorine
= Cl2O > ClO2 > Cl206 > Cl2O7
✨44. Decreasing ionic size=
02- > F- > Na+ > Mg2+
✨45 Increasing acidic property=
Na2O3 < MgO < ZnO< P205
✨46 Increasing bond length=
N2 <02 < F2 < CL2
✨47 Increasing size=
Ca2+ < Cl- < S2-
✨48 Increasing acid strength=
HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
✨49 Increasing oxidation number of iodine=
HI< I2.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter Evolution Important Example for Neet
⚡️Examples of homologous organs:⚡️
(i) Forelimbs of mammals
(ii) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita both are modification of axillary bud.
(iii)Vertebrate hearts or brains
(iv)Mouth parts of insects :
Cockroach Honey bee Mosquito
(Biting & chewing) (Chewing & lapping) (Piercing & Sucking)
(v) Testes in male and ovaries in female
(vi) Potato and Ginger - both are modified shoot
(vii) Radish and Carrot - both are modified roots
⚡️Examples of Analogous organs :⚡️
(i) Wings of butterfly and birds
(ii) Eye of the octopus and of mammals
(iii) Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
(iv) Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification)
(v) Sting of bee and scorpion
(vi) Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
🏆Notes on Anatomy of Flowering Plants🏆
A tissue may be defined as, “a group of similar or dissimilar cells having common origin and performing a specific functions.”
Tissues are mainly divided into three categories:
(A) Meristematic tissues or Meristems
(B) Permanent tissue
(C) Secretory tissue
Meristematic Tissues or Meristems
(1) They contain immature and young cells and are capable of repeated divisions.
(2) Intercellular spaces are not present in meristematic tissue.
(3) They contain a homogeneous thin wall.
(4) They contain large nuclei associated with abundant cytoplasm.
(5) They are metabolically very active but they do not store food material.
(6) Only proto-plastids are present instead of plastids, chloroplast absent.
(7) Dense cytoplasm is present which contains several premature mitochondria.
(8) Vacuoles are absent.
(9) Meristematic cells are isodiametric in shape.
Types of meristems
The meristems may be classified on the basis of their mode of origin, position or function:
(i) According to origin and development: On the basis of origin, meristematic tissues are of three types :
(a) Promeristem or Primordial meristem: The promeristem originates from embryo and, therefore, called primordial or embryonic meristem. It is present in the regions where an organ or a part of plant body is initiated.
(b) Primary meristem: A primary meristem originates from promeristem and retains its meristematic activity. It is located in the apices of roots, stems and the leaf primordia.
(c) Secondary Meristem: They always arise in permanent tissues and have no typical promeristem. Some living permanent cells may regain the meristematic nature.
(ii) According to position: On the basis of their position in the plant body meristems are classified into three categories:
(a) Apical meristem: This meristem is located at the growing apices of main and lateral shoots and roots. These cells are responsible for linear growth of an organ.
(b) Intercalary meristem: These are the portions of apical meristems which are separated from the apex during the growth of axis and formation of permanent tissues. It is present mostly at the base of node (e.g., Mentha viridis-Mint), base of internode (e.g., stem of many monocots viz., Wheat, Grasses, Pteridophyts like Equisetum) or at the base of the leaf (e.g., Pinus).
(c) Lateral meristem: These meristems occur laterally in the axis, parallel to the sides of stems and roots. This meristem consists of initials which divide mainly in one plane (periclinal) and result increase in the diameter of an organ.
(iii) According to function: Haberlandt in 1890 classified the primary meristem at the apex of stem under the following three types :
(a) Protoderm: It is the outermost layer of the apical meristem which develops into the epidermis or epidermal tissue system.
(b) Procambium: It occurs inside the protoderm. Some of the cells of young growing region which by their elongation and differentiation give rise to primary vascular tissue constitute the procambium.
(c) Ground meristem: It constitutes the major part of the apical meristem develops ground tissues like hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, pith and medullary rays.
(iv) According to plane of cell division: On the basis of their plane of cell division meristem are classified into three categories :
(a) Mass meristem: The cells divide anticlinally in all planes, so mass of cells is formed. e.g., formation of spores, cortex, pith, endosperm.
(b) Plate meristem: The cells divide anticlinally in two planes, so plate like area increased. e.g., formation of epidermis and lamina of leaves.
(c) Rib or File meristem: The cells divide anticlinally in one plane, so row or column of cells is formed. e.g,, formation of lateral root.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chapter Biodiversity and Conservation (Quick Revision Notes)
🌸 There are about 20,000 species of ants, 3,00,000 species of beetles, 28,000 species of fishes & 20,000 species of orchids
🌻 Term biodiversity was popularised by Edward wilson
🌺 India has 50,000 genetically different strains of rice and 1000 varieties of mango
🍃 Acc to IUCN (2004), No.of species discovered and described range about 1.5 million
🍃 Robert may estimate - total no.of species is around 7 million
🍃More than 70% of species discovered are animals
🍃 More than 70% of animals are insects
🍃 Plants constitute not more than 22% of total species
🍃Total no.of species of fungi is more than combined total of fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals
🍃 India occupy 2.4% of total land surface but they contribute 8.1% of total biodiversity
🥀 There are about 45,000 species of plants and twice as many animals are discovered in india
🥀 Acc to robert estimate...only 22% of total no.of species have been discovered
🥀There are 1,00,000 plant species and more than 3,00,000 animals species are yet to be discovered in india
🍃 Columbia has 1400 species of birds...newyork - 105 species of birds, Greenland - 56 species
🍃 India has 1200 species of birds Amazonian rain forest in south
🍃america has 1300 species of birds, 40000 species of plants, 427 amphibians, 427 mammals, 378 reptiles, more thab 1,25,000 invertebrates
🍃 The colonisation of tropical pacific island by humans has led to the extinction of 2000 species of native birds
🍃Over 784 species have extincted in past 500 years ( 359 invertebrates, 338 vertebrates & 87 plants )
🍃 In last 20 years, 27 species disappeared
🍃 Around 15,500 species are facing threat of extinction
🍃 32% amphibians, 31% gymnosperms, 23% mammals, & 12% birds are facing threat of extinction 🌷
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Shapes in NCERT BIOLOGY
1. Pollen grains are generally : Spherical
2. Nucleous : Spherical
3. Centriole: Cylindrical
4. Mitochondrial: Sausage shaped or cylindrical
5. RBCs: Round and biconcav
6.Mesophyll cell: Round and ova
7.Trachied : Elongated
8. Columnar epithelium : Long and narrow
9. WBSs : Amoeboid
10. Nerve cell(longest cell) : long and branched
11. Henle's loop : Hairpin ben
12. Stomach : J-shaped
13. Spleen and kidney : Bean shaped
14. Thymus : Lobed organ
15. Patella : cup shaped
16. Bowman's capsule : Double walled cup like structure
17. Heart : Clenched fist (size
18. Oxygen dissociation curve : Sigmoid
No comments:
Post a Comment